History

 What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?

Answer:

The Civil Code of 1804 – usually known as the Napoleonic Code – did away with all the privileges based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the right to property. This Code was exported to the regions under French control. In the Dutch Republic, in Switzerland, in Italy and Germany, Napoleon simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues. In the towns too, guild restrictions were removed. Transport and communication systems were improved. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers of goods, in particular, began to realise that uniform law, standardised weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement and exchange of goods and capital from one region to another.

Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?

Answer:

  1. In the year 1848, parallel to the revolts of the poor, another revolution was underway.  Led by the educated middle classes,  the unemployed, the starving peasants and workers in many European countries experienced this revolution of the liberals. Events of February 1848 in France had brought about the abdication of the monarch and a republic based on universal male suffrage had been proclaimed.
  2. In other parts of Europe where independent nation-states did not yet exist – such as Germany, Italy, Poland, the Austro-Hungarian Empire – men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.
  3. They took advantage of the growing popular unrest to push their demands for the creation of a nation-state on parliamentary principles – a constitution, freedom of the press and freedom of association.

How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?

Answer:

  1. Formation of the nation-state was not due to sudden upheaval or revolution. It was the result of a long-drawn-out process.
  2. The primary identities of people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such as English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.

Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?

Answer:

  1. It was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro. The people of the region were broadly known as Slavs.
  2. A large part was under the control of the Ottoman Empire. Gradually, independence was declared from them.
  3. The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans, together with disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, made this region very explosive.

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